Professeur à PSE
Travail et économie publique
Séminaire
Lieu 48 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France
Lieu R1-09
Présence Sur place
Ce séminaire porte sur l’économie appliquée des politiques publiques. De nombreux champs de l’économie sont représentés : économie publique, économie de l’éducation, économie et psychologie, économie du travail.
Il se déroule sur le campus Jourdan (R1-09) ; en alternance avec le séminaire interne travail et économie publique.
Organisateurs
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Professeur titulaire d’une chaire à PSE
Contact opérationnel : Laurence Vincent (laurence.vincent@ens.psl.eu)
Inscrivez-vous ici (avant mardi midi) pour obtenir un créneau avec l’intervenant (et/ou commander également un sandwich)
Ce séminaire bénéficie d’une aide de l’État gérée par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche au titre du programme d’Investissement d’avenir portant la référence ANR-17-EURE-0001.
Il bénéficie également d’un soutien financier de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
Dates d’événements multiples
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Worker power, immigrant sorting, and firm performance
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This paper combines two of the most central features of modern labor markets textemdash immigrants and unions — to examine the role of worker power in shaping immigrant sorting across firms, and how that subsequently influences the performance of firms and the careers of incumbent workers. First, unions push immigrants to enter lower-paying and lower-quality firms with weaker union representation. Second, these firms with weaker union representation are able to use the cheaper immigrant labor to scale up production, thereby out-competing firms with stronger union representation and capturing market share. Third, incumbent workers in firms with weaker union representation benefit by shifting into management positions and capturing some of the firm’s increased rents. Fourth, despite benefiting incumbent workers in firms with weaker union representation, these workers are more likely to become union members themselves in response to greater contact with new immigrants. Broadly, our results cut across nearly all sectors but are considerably more muted in competitive markets. -
Adjusting to Transitory Shocks: Worker Impact, Firm Channels, and (Lack of ) Income Support
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Co-author: Ana Margarida Fernandes This paper estimates worker, firm and assistance programs’ responses to foreign shocks in Brazil exploiting quasi-experimental variation in firms’ foreign demand resulting from the Global Financial Crisis. It shows these transitory shocks have permanent effects in a setting characterized by a large informal sector. While the informal sector provides a buffer mitigating long-term scarring, it is not sufficient to compensate worker and firm scarring. Scarring occurs for incumbent workers, not just displaced workers. Linking employer-employee data with the national registry of low-income households, unemployment insurance disbursement records, and worker-level training, the paper finds that assistance programs fail to mitigate adjustment. Training does not respond, unemployment insurance compensates 4 percent of workers’ wage losses and welfare programs 2 percent. Firms in highly concentrated sectors or state-owned do not bear the burden of adjustment. Other firms bear the burden and either exit or restructure, downsizing employment and productivity, scarring incumbent workers and increasing long-run inequality.
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The Gender Gap in Gender-Blind University Admissions
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We examine China’s gender-blind university admissions process and uncover a significant gender gap: equally qualified female students are substantially less likely to apply to and be admitted to elite universities compared to their male counterparts. By combining administrative and survey data, we show that this disparity is not driven by differences in risk aversion, strategic sophistication, confidence, or competitiveness. Instead, it is primarily explained by women’s stronger preference for geographically proximate and education-focused universities. The survey data reveal that these preferences are less reflective of genuine aspirations and more influenced by parental expectations. Students’ self-reports indicate that parents guide their daughters more toward nearby and education-focused universities compared to their sons. Moreover, women’s actual application decisions are more affected by parental expectations and stereotypical beliefs than men’s. These findings demonstrate that gender-specific parental expectations and social norms can lead to gender differences in admission outcomes even in an admissions system designed to be meritocratic and gender-neutral. -
Land use regulation, homeownership, and the cost of NIMBYism
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Co-authors : Christian A.L. Hilber and Gabriel Loumeau We study the effects of endogenous land use regulation on welfare and sorting across space. Utilizing panel data from England and employing the Thatcherian right-to-buy policy as an exogenous shifter in local homeownership, we first establish that changes in homeownership lead to an increased share of refused planning applications, supporting the ‘homevoter hypothesis’. Higher levels of homeownership are also associated with greater house price appreciation. Next, we set up a dynamic spatial equilibrium model in which increased regulatory strictness results in decreased construction activity but possibly elevated amenity levels. Our objective is to conduct counterfactual analyses by eliminating homeownership to evaluate the welfare costs of NIMBYism.
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Changes in the College Selectivity Pipeline since 1900
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Co-author: Sarah Quincy. Going to college has long conferred a large wage premium. We show that the relative premium received by lower-income college-goers has halved since the 1960s. We decompose the steady rise in American higher education’s regressivity using dozens of survey and administrative datasets that document 1900–2020 wage premiums and the composition and value-added of collegiate institutions and majors. Three trends explain two-thirds of rising collegiate regressivity. First, the less-selective and public institutions that disproportionately enroll lower-income students have declined in economic value. Second, lower-income students are increasingly over-represented in America’s shrinking community college sector since 1990. Third, higher-income students have driven declining humanities enrollment and expanding computer science enrollment since the 2000s, increasing their degrees’ value. Differential selection and shifts between four-year institutions are second-order. College-going provided equitable returns before 1960, but collegiate regressivity has curtailed higher education’s potential to reduce inequality and mediates 25 percent of intergenerational income transmission.
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Co-authors: Gozde Corekcioglu and Astrid Kunze. This study investigates the firm’s response to parental leave induced worker absence. Combining a 20-week maternal leave expansion in Norway and detailed matched employer-employee data between 1983 and 2013, we identify the causal impact of parental leave related absence using a shift-share design. We find that employers with greater exposure to parental leave related absence hire more women aged 40 or less, the group of workers who are more likely to be leave-takers. Companies also face more separations, which may reflect the departure of leave-takers’ replacements. These adjustments do not affect profits, but lead to greater investments and sales and to lower value added and wage bill. One important channel behind such changes is a significant growth of young female part-time employment.
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Co-authors: Rita Ginja, Petra Persson and Barton Willage. Menopause is a major biological shock to women, marking the end of their reproductive years. Despite its relevance, scant research has studied how menopause impacts social dynamics, labor market outcomes, or health care demand. Using high-quality linked national register administrative data from Norway and Sweden, combined with a stacked difference-in-differences design, we estimate the effect of menopause diagnosis on employment and earnings, reliance on social safety net programs, and demand for medical care. We find that menopause affects a broad swath of women’s lives, ranging from a temporary increase in visits to doctors, to a persistent decline in full-time employment and earnings, and an increased receipt of social transfers. Our results suggest that policies aimed at supporting women who suffer more serious symptoms around the menopausal transition may have wide-ranging benefits.
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Childhood Welfare Exposure and Economic Outcomes for Adult Daughters and Sons
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Co-Authors: Robert Paul Hartley, Carlos Lamarche. We investigate how length of time on welfare during childhood affects economic outcomes in early adulthood. Using intergenerationally linked mother-child pairs from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we adopt a nonlinear difference-in-differences framework and use the 1990s welfare reform to estimate average and quantile treatment effects on intensity of welfare use and income in adulthood. An increase in the time spent on welfare during childhood leads to more time spent on welfare in the broader safety net in adulthood for both daughters and sons with short spells on welfare, but the effect diminishes with higher levels of exposure. The evidence reveals that after welfare reform, time on assistance increased among adults who spent much of their early adulthood in the wider safety net. Increasing the length of childhood welfare exposure implies lower earnings in adulthood for daughters, however we find no evidence that it depresses the earnings of sons. Both daughters and sons exhibit some wage penalty from childhood welfare exposure, yet only daughters are penalized through hours worked in the labor market.
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Explaining the Historical Rise and Recent Decline in Social Security Disability Insurance Enrollment
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Co-authors: Maxwell Kellogg, Magne Mogstad, and Kuan-Ju Tseng. After substantial growth in the 1990s and 2000s, enrollment in the U.S.~Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program has been declining since 2013. We present the first comprehensive statistical and causal analysis of the historical increase and recent decline in SSDI enrollment. Using a statistical decomposition combined with detailed administrative data, we find that nearly all of the decline in SSDI enrollment in the 2010s is attributable to declines in application rates (56%) and award rates (32%) within groups, rather than composition, financial eligibility, or exit. Older low-and-middle-skilled men drive the decline in SSDI applications, as do applicants with relatively severe health conditions and applicants with mental conditions. We rule out several popular hypotheses for the decline in SSDI applications, including lower award rates at the appeals level, higher administrative burden of applying, greater generosity of other programs, and reductions in pollution and smoking. We find that greater employment opportunities for individuals with health conditions is the most likely explanation for the decline in SSDI applications.
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Paris School of Economics
Paris School of Economics
Adresse : 48 boulevard jourdan 75014 Paris