Ouvrages: The starting point for this book was a letter sent in December 2014 by Jean Tirole to Geneviève Fioraso, who at the time was Secretary of State for Higher Education and Research. In this letter, the French economist threw all the prestigeof his recent Nobel prize behind the sole objective of thwarting a reform that was supported by hundreds of academiceconomists. The sole aim of this eagerly awaited reform was to institute within the French university systema space for the expression of ideas at odds with mainstream economic thought. Jean Tirole’s extraordinary initiative was unexpectedly successful: Geneviève Fioraso decided to withdraw her decree.