Thesis: 134Cs and 137Cs, two radioactive isotopes unintentionally released after the Chernobyl and the Fukushima accidents, are of major concern for ecosystems protection and human health. Plants contamination is due to their ability to absorb cesium from the soil solution via transporters. Indeed, cesium which is supposed to have no role in plants can pass through potassium transporters. Proteins involved in potassium transport are diverse and the part of fluxes covered by each of them depends on the level of potassium supplied to the plant. We tested the effects of this level on uptake and distribution of cesium into the plant. Beside competition between the two elements, transporters which are dominant for a given potassium supply condition modify the cesium transport. Making the link between these modifications and knowledge on identity and properties of potassium transporters, we highlighted candidates with high potential for cesium transport. Hence, results produced during my thesis demonstrate in planta the role of KUP9 transporter, which has received little attention so far, in cesium fluxes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Changing in potassium uptake has not been observed in mutant lines disrupted in this KUP9 transporter suggesting interestingly that it could be possible to modulate cesium uptake without alteration of potassium nutrition.