Thesis: Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France.