Publications by PSE researchers

Depuis le 1er janvier 2022, conformément à l’ordonnance n° 2021-1325 du 13 octobre 2021 et au décret n° 2021-1905 du 30 décembre 2021, l’Anses reprend les missions du Haut conseil des biotechnologies (HCB) concernant l’évaluation des risques pour l’environnement de l’ensemble des utilisations de biotechnologies en milieu ouvert, et les impacts socioéconomiques. L’Anses a été saisie dans le cadre de ces nouvelles missions par la Direction générale de la prévention des risques (DGPR) et la Direction générale de l’alimentation (DGAl) sur l’utilisation des nouvelle techniques génomiques (NTG) sur les végétaux. Les autres instances ayant repris les missions du HCB, à savoir le Conseil économique, social et environnemental (CESE) et le Comité consultatif national d’éthique (CCNE), ont également été sollicité sur cette question sur les périmètres correspondant respectivement aux questions sociétales et éthiques. Par ailleurs, il convient de noter que de nombreux acteurs institutionnels publics, organisations professionnelles et syndicales ont également produit des rapports sur les NTG. Le rapport d’expertise collective est réalisé dans le périmètre des missions de l’Anses sur les biotechnologies, incluant l’évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux et les impacts socio-économiques. Il vise à éclairer les demandeurs sur ce périmètre qui couvre seulement une partie des enjeux liés à l’utilisation des NTG dans le domaine de la sélection végétale. Les questions instruites dans ce rapport sont donc limitées à ce périmètre et les conclusions devront être prises en compte uniquement dans ce cadre et mises en perspective avec les avis des autres instances sollicitées. Il convient de noter que cette expertise a été engagée avant la proposition de règlement de la Commission du 5 juillet 20231. Suite à sa publication, l’Anses a décidé de s’autosaisir afin de mener une analyse des critères définissant les plantes NTG de catégorie 1, considérées comme équivalentes aux plantes conventionnelles, exposés dans l’annexe 1 et justifiés par une note technique diffusée par la Commission européenne en octobre (Anses 2023). Cette analyse a été réalisée en parallèle et ses conclusions n’ont donc pas été prises en compte dans le présent travail d’expertise, réalisé dans le cadre du périmètre défini précédemment, qui ne fait pas la distinction entre les plantes NTG de catégorie 1 et 2.

L’Anses a été saisie le 3/08/2022 par la Direction générale de la santé (DGS) pour la réalisation de l’expertise suivante : demande d'avis relatif à la probabilité d’apparition d’épidémies de maladies transmises par les moustiques dans l’Hexagone et sur leurs impacts sur la santé et l’économie.

Against a backdrop of massive investment in health data, this study is based on a quantitative survey conducted in 2016 among 1,700 policyholders of a non-profit insurance company (‪‪mutuelle‪‪) to shed light on the prevailing social representations regarding the use of health data in France. The survey measures policyholders’ interest in various innovative services that could be offered by the insurance company and that would make use of their health data. The analysis shows that respondents are both concerned about the security of their data and interested in the services. The worse the respondent’s state of health, and the greater his or her concerns about old age, the greater his or her interest. A lower social position goes hand in hand with greater interest, which could be a sign of social inequalities in access to health technologies.

This paper investigates the association between several mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness) and the overall tendency to follow official recommendations regarding self-protection against COVID-19 (i.e., overall compliance). We employ panel data from the COME-HERE survey, collected over four waves, on 7,766 individuals (22,878 observations) from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. Employing a flexible specification that allows the association to be non-monotonic, we find a U-shaped relationship, in which transitions to low and high levels of mental health are associated with higher overall compliance, while transitions to medium levels of mental health are associated with less overall compliance. Moreover, anxiety, stress, and loneliness levels at baseline (i.e., at wave 1) also have a U-shaped effect on overall compliance later (i.e., recommendations are followed best by those with lowest and highest levels of anxiety, stress, and loneliness at baseline, while following the recommendations is lowest for those with moderate levels of these variables). These U shapes, which are robust to several specifications, may explain some of the ambiguous results reported in the previous literature. Additionally, we observe a U-shaped association between the mental health indicators and a number of specific health behaviours (including washing hands and mask wearing). Importantly, most of these specific behaviours play a role in overall compliance. Finally, we uncover the role of gender composition effects in some of the results. While variations in depression and stress are negatively associated with variations in overall compliance for men, the association is positive for women. The U-shaped relation in the full sample (composed of males and females) will reflect first the negative slope for males and then the positive slope for females.

Page de couverture Les démocraties peinent à répondre à la crise climatique. Une approche prometteuse pour la transition écologique repose sur des innovations impliquant des panels de citoyens tirés au sort. De nombreux pays ont expérimenté cette forme de démocratie délibérative au niveau national et local. Ces assemblées de citoyens formulent des propositions de politiques publiques. La Convention citoyenne pour le climat en France constitue le dispositif le plus important en termes de taille, de durée et de mandat. Grâce à une enquête de terrain multidisciplinaire impliquant une vingtaine de chercheurs, cet ouvrage permet de comprendre la complexité de cette expérience sous plusieurs angles : les procédures et le processus, l’identité et les rôles de ses membres, les rapports à l’expertise et aux représentants, l’évaluation et la comparaison avec d’autres cas. Démocratie délibérative et transition écologique offre une contribution majeure à la réflexion sur une pratique originale d’innovation démocratique et sur son potentiel pour une gouvernance juste des politiques climatiques.

This article proposes a new approach to the measurement of intergenerational mobility in education. Borrowing the concept of inequality-sensitive and additive achievement measure axiomatically developed by Apouey et al., we derive new indices of upward, downward, and total mobility, using a "movement approach." It turns out that the Prais-Bibby and Bartholomew mobility indices are particular cases of the mobility indices we introduce. We then present an empirical illustration based on the 2016 European Social Survey. Particular attention is given to within country differences between fathers to children and mothers to children educational mobility. When comparing two countries, we also make a distinction between gross and net mobility, the latter referring to the case where country differences in the educational structure of parents and children are neutralized.

Encompassing chapters that address both unidimensional and multidimensional poverty, this timely Research Handbook explores all aspects of poverty and deprivation measurement, not only detailing broad issues but also scrutinising specific domains and aspects of poverty, such as health, energy and housing. Its succinct and highly focussed chapters, written by a diverse range of authors, employ a combination of theoretical and empirical methodologies to offer well-rounded explorations of complex topics.

While the spread of digital technologies and the growth of associated atypical forms of work are attracting increasing attention, little is known about the impact of these new forms of work on psychological well-being. This paper examines the effect of Uber diffusion on the mental health of drivers, taking advantage of the rollout of Uber across UK regions. We match individual-level information on health and sociodemographic characteristics from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) between 2009 and 2019 with data on the diffusion of Uber across the country. We first show that Uber diffusion is positively associated with mental health, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire, in the population group of self-employed drivers. We argue that this positive correlation captures a selection effect (of comparatively healthier individuals into the category of self-employed drivers after Uber entry) and the omission of unobserved factors, rather than a causal effect. Indeed, we do not observe any improvement in mental health for workers who were already self-employed drivers before Uber entry. In parallel with this, among individuals who remained salaried drivers over time, our results suggest there may be a decline in mental health after Uber's introduction, probably because they feel the competition from Uber drivers.

The recruitment process (the “drawing of lots”) leads to the selection of volunteers who are motivated and available to participate in a mini-public. However, their dispositions to deliberate are only revealed in the situation and depend largely on the course of the representative deliberative process itself. The analysis of the answers of volunteers participating in the French Citizens’ Convention for Climate to questionnaires on the deliberative quality of the exchanges, as well as their comparison with those given by participants in the regional citizens’ conferences of the Great National Debate (France, 2019) and the G1000 (Belgium, 2011), allow us to grasp the expression of relational dispositions in the interactions that make a deliberative situation a shared experience. We use the expression “deliberative citizens” to describe the interactions between individual dispositions and the deliberative process that compose the shared experience. Listening and respect between participants, the sincerity of speech, the orientation towards the common good, and the taste for face-to-face expression of political disagreement form the deliberative citizens’ confidence in their collective capacity to produce effective and fair proposals. An international comparative research program would make it possible to document citizens’ experience by grasping in greater detail the individual dispositions favorable to deliberation, their formation and their dynamics, and the behaviors that manifest these dispositions according to the reasons for participation in the deliberative process.